Distribuição de probabilidade da temperatura na cadeia de carne de frango brasileira: fonte para avaliação de risco / Probability distribution of temperatures in the Brazilian chicken meat chain: source of risk assessment

O presente estudo tem como objetivo descrever a distribuição de probabilidades da temperatura de cada etapa da cadeia produtiva de carne de frango resfriada produzida sob inspeção federal no Brasil. Os resultados gerados geram subsídio para realização de uma Análise de Risco de salmonelose pelo consumo de carne de frango no país. Foram compilados registros de temperatura e os dados foram ajustados às distribuições de probabilidade utilizando o software @Risk. Nas etapas de abatedouro-frigorífico, centro de distribuição, serviço de alimentação e supermercado a média de temperatura foi inferior a 5,5 ºC, demostrando sucesso na manutenção da cadeia de frio. A distribuição de probabilidade Logistic demonstrou melhor ajuste para descrever as etapas de processamento. Os dados de distribuição de probabilidade gerados poderão ser utilizados em modelos matemáticos e de distribuição para predizer o crescimento microbiano em alimentos expostos a diferentes temperaturas.

Avaliação do comportamento de risco de manipuladores de alimentos e hábito de consumo de carne de frango no Brasil / Evaluation of risk behavior of food manipulators and consumption habit of chicken meat in Brazil

O manipulador de alimentos possui grande impacto na ocorrência de doenças transmitidas por alimentos devido às más práticas de higiene e manipulação de alimentos. Assim, com o objetivo de avaliar os hábitos de consumo e caracterizar a manipulação de carne de frango no Brasil foi desenvolvido e aplicado um questionário. Foram obtidas e analisadas 1217 respostas. A maior parte dos entrevistados foi classificada com nível médio de boas práticas, independentemente de sua condição socioeconômica (Tukey-Test, p> 0,005). Em relação ao nível de conformidade dos parâmetros avaliados, observou-se que os respondentes cumpriam primeiramente conformidade em questões relacionadas a temperatura, seguido de binômio tempo-temperatura, tempo e, por fim, boas práticas. Os resultados desse estudo servem como suporte no emprego de ações de saúde coletiva, além de poderem ser aplicadas em ferramentas robustas de gestão da segurança de alimentos, como a Análise de Risco.

Commonly screened antibiotics in raw milk from dairy plants under State Inspection in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / Antibióticos comumente investigados no leite cru em laticínios sujeitos a Inspeção Estadual no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

This study aimed at identifying the commonly screened antibiotics during the dairy processing routine in raw-milk receiving points in plants inspected by the official services in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), from January 2014 to February 2015. Among the 36 participating industries, the most commonly screened antibiotics were beta lactams (100%) and tetracyclines (69%). The antibiotics screened at the milk receiving point were chosen because of the practicality and speed in performing the screening (67%), rather than specific knowledge on which antibiotics the milk suppliers used. (22%).(AU)

Este estudo teve por objetivo identificar os antibióticos comumente investigados durante a rotina de processamento do leite cru recebido em laticínios sob Inspeção Estadual no Rio Grande do Sul (RS), entre janeiro de 2014 e fevereiro de 2015. Entre as 36 indústrias participantes, os antibióticos mais comumente investigados foram beta-lactâmicos (100%) e tetraciclinas (69%). A seleção por quais antibióticos investigar no recebimento do leite foi influenciada pela praticidade e rapidez na execução da análise (67%), em detrimento do conhecimento específico sobre quais antibióticos eram utilizados pelos produtores de leite (22%).(AU)

Tannin extracts on quality of fresh cut crisp leaf lettuce / Extratos de taninos na qualidade de alface crespa minimamente processada

ABSTRACT: In the present study, tannin extracts (rinsed or not) were compared to the use of sodium hypochlorite and tap water on fresh cut crisp leaf lettuce stored under modified atmosphere packaging. Effects of these sanitizers on total color difference and microbial levels of the product after sanitization and storage for 9 days at 3°C were evaluated. Performance of rinsed SM(r) tannin extract was comparable to the results of chlorine solution for all the analyzed parameters and; furthermore, that extract presented a high reduction in the initial bacterial count of minimally processed lettuce. However, storage of tannin extracts, did not impart better outcomes than the use of tap water. Therefore, the tannin extract storage SM(r) could be used in washing water to reduce the initial microbiological load, avoiding cross contamination in vegetables minimally processed.

RESUMO: Extratos de taninos (com e sem enxague) foram comparados com o uso de hipoclorito de sódio e água em alface crespa minimamente processada, sob atmosfera modificada. Foram avaliadas diferença total de cor e análises microbiológicas após a sanitização e durante o armazenamento dos produtos (9 dias à 3°C). O extrato de tanino SM(r) com enxague apresentou resultados semelhantes aos da solução de cloro para todos os parâmetros analisados e, além disso, apresentou uma elevada redução da contagem inicial microbiológica de alface minimamente processada. No entanto, durante o armazenamento, SM(r) não apresentou melhores resultados do que o uso de água. Portanto, SM(r) poderia ser utilizado na desinfecção da água de lavagem das alfaces, reduzindo a microbiota inicial e, assim, impedir a contaminação cruzada durante o processamento mínimo de vegetais.

Occurrence of Salmonella spp. and generic Escherichia coli on beef carcasses sampled at a brazilian slaughterhouse

A total of 120 beef carcasses were analyzed during processing at a slaughterhouse in southern Brazil. The carcasses were sampled by swab at three different steps of the slaughter line and then they were tested for Salmonella and E. coli. The Salmonella isolates were also examined for antimicrobial susceptibility. Salmonella prevalence distribution was modeled and the probability of contamination was simulated using @Risk program and 10,000 interactions. Results demonstrated that 4 beef carcasses (3.3%) were positive for Salmonella only in the first point. The six isolates of Salmonella were classified: S. Newport (n = 3), S. Saintpaul (n = 2) and S. Anatum (n = 1). No Salmonella strains exhibited resistance to any of the antimicrobials tested. As expected, the most contaminated point with E. coli was the first point (hide), presenting counts from 0.31 to 5.07 log cfu/100 cm². Much smaller E. coli counts were observed in the other points. Results indicated low levels of Salmonella and E. coli on the beef carcasses analyzed and also low probability of contamination of the carcasses by Salmonella, suggesting adequate microbiological quality.

Escherichia coli O157:H7: local epidemiology and disease spectrum in Brazil

Escherichia coli O157: H7 is one of the most important foodborne pathogens nowadays, since it has been responsible for severe outbreaks worldwide. Event hough this food pathogen has been isolated in many countries, Brazilian foods were considered E. coli O157:H7-free until recently. However, the presence of E. coli O157:H7 has been reported in diverse foods produced in Brazil and an increasing number of isolation from cattle feces has been observed, demonstrating that this pathogen is present in different parts of Brazil, and severe foodborne outbreaks mayoccur in the near future if adequate control measures are not implemented

Salmonelloses in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil, 2002 to 2004

Salmonella has been identified as the main aetiological agent responsible for foodborne diseases in several countries worldwide, including Brazil. In the State of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), southern Brazil, previews studies analysed official foodborne illnesses data, identifying Salmonella as the main bacterial agent of foodborne diseases during the period of 1997 to 2001. The present study aimed to analyse the official epidemiological data on salmonelloses occurred in the State of RS, during the period of 2002 to 2004. Even though data on recent salmonelloses were available, only data concerning the period comprising in 2002 to 2004 were analysed because the official worksheet records presented more consistent information about the salmonellosis outbreaks. Results indicated that, among the 624 foodborne outbreaks officially investigated, 202 (32.37%) were confirmed as salmonellosis. Among them 23,725 people were involved, 4,148 became sick, 1,878 were hospitalized and one person died. The season with the highest incidence of salmonelloses was spring, and the most affected age group was composed of people aged between 20 to 49 years old (56.66%). Animal origin foods -especially eggs and meat products -were very often involved with the outbreaks, however homemade mayonnaise was identified as the main food vehicle for salmonelloses (53.51%). The majority of the cases occurred inside private homes (55.81%) and food services (12.1%), and the main factors contributing to the occurrence of the outbreaks were the consumption of products without sanitary inspection (26.7%) and exposure of food at room temperature for more than two hours (18.58%). Similarly to what was previously reported for the period of 1997 to 2001, Salmonella spp. was the most prevalent foodborne disease agent in the State of RS during the years of 2002 to 2004.

Assessing the epidemiological data of Staphylococcus aureus food poisoning occurred in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil

Staphylococcal food poisoning is one of the most frequent foodborne illnesses worldwide and it is caused by the ingestion of food contaminated with enterotoxins produced by some strains of Staphylococcus (S.) aureus. In the State of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Southern Brazil, S. aureus has been identified as the second most frequent agent of foodborne illnesses in the last two decades. The aim of the present study was to assess and analyse the epidemiological data of S. aureus food poisoning occurred in the State of RS during the years of 2000 to 2002. The official records of epidemiological investigations carried out by the Sanitary Surveillance Services of the State of RS were analysed. Among foodborne outbreaks for which aetiology was determined, S. aureus was identified as the responsible agent of 57 foodborne outbreaks, being 42 (74%) confirmed by microbiological analyses and 15 (26%) confirmed by clinical symptoms and/or epidemiological data. Staphylococcal outbreaks were responsible for the exposition of 5,991 persons, of which 1,940 (32%) were interviewed by the Sanitary Surveillance officers. The most affected age group corresponded to people with 20 to 49 years old (48%), where men (48%) and women (52%) were affected similarly. The main involved food vehicles were meats servings (35%), followed by pastries (25%), cheese (23%), pasta (11%) and potato salad with homemade mayonnaise (11%). The majority of the outbreaks occurred inside private homes (33%) followed by commercial food establishments (28%). Inadequate control of temperature and failures in general hygiene practices were identified as the main factors responsible for the outbreaks. In conclusion, S. aureus was an important food poisoning etiological agent in the State of RS during 2000 to 2002 and its prevention depends on control measures involving different parts of the food chain.

Evaluation of two recommended disinfection methods for cleaning cloths used in food services of southern Brazil

In the State of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Southern Brazil, a good manufacturing practices regulation was published recommending two disinfection methods for cleaning cloths used in food services. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of those methods. Cleaning cloths were sampled without prior notice at food services, on common working days. For the analyses, the cloths were divided in two sub-samples, being one of them microbiologically analyzed. The second sub-sample was further divided in two pieces and submitted to hand washing for two minutes. After that, one piece was boiled in water for 15 min and the other one was soaked in a 200 ppm sodium hypochlorite solution for 15 min. Both pieces of cloth were submitted to microbiological analyses. Cleaning cloths presented total aerobic mean counts of 6.9 ± 6.7 log/cm². All cleaning cloths presented coliform contamination, and 40% demonstrated mean counts of 6.2 ± 5.6 log/cm². Presumptive S. aureus mean counts of 5.5 ± 4.9 log/cm² were found. No statistic correlation was observed among the number of meals served daily in the food services and the microbiological contamination levels. After washing and disinfection, microbiological counts were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced by both methods, achieving an approximately 5 log reduction. The reductions achieved by the sodium hypochlorite soaking method and the boiling method were not significantly different. Thus, it was possible to conclude that both recommended methods were suitable to disinfect cleaning cloths used in food services.

Assessing the growth and recovery of Salmonella Enteritidis SE86 after sodium dichloroisocyanurate exposure

The objective of the present study was to assess the growth and the recovery of Salmonella (S.) Enteritidis SE86 in different diluents, culture media and using different plating methods after the exposure to 200 mg/kg sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC). Before and after NaDCC exposure, SE86 was cultured at 30 °C and 7 °C in the following diluents: Peptone water (P), Saline solution (SaS), Peptone water+Saline solution (P+SaS), Peptone water+Tween 80+Lecithin+Sodium thiosulfate (P+N) and Saline solution+Tween 80+Lecithin+Sodium thiosulfate (SaS+N). The SaS diluent was chosen because it was able to maintain cells viable without growth and was further used for plating SE86 on non selective medium (Tryptic Soy Agar-TSA) and on selective media (Mannitol Lysine Crystal Violet Brilliant Green Agar-MLCB; Brilliant Green Agar-BGA; Salmonella Shigella Agar-SS and Xylose Lysine Dextrose-XLD). The Thin Agar Layer method (TAL) i.e., selective media overlayed with non selective TSA was also evaluated. Results indicated that SE86 not exposed to NaDCC was able to grow in P, P+N, SaS+N and P+SaS, but not in SaS, that was able to maintain cells viable. SE86 exposed to NaDCC demonstrated similar counts after dilution in SaS and the plating on non selective TSA, selective media MLCB, BGA, SS and XLD and on TAL media. SE86, S. Typhimurium and S. Bredeney, exposed or not exposed to NaDCC, showed no significant differences in counts on TSA, XLD and XLD overlayed with TSA, suggesting that all those media may be used to quantify NaDCC-exposed Salmonella by plating method.

Avaliação da presença de microrganismos indicadores higiênico-sanitários em alimentos servidos em escolas públicas de Porto Alegre, Brasil / Evaluation of the presence of hygienic and sanitary indicator microorganisms in food served in public schools in Porto Alegre, Brazil

Este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a presença de microrganismos indicadores higiênico-sanitários em amostras de alimentos servidos em escolas públicas de Porto Alegre. Foram analisados todos os alimentos servidos na refeição do turno da visita, quanto à presença de Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, Salmonella sp. e Shigella sp. No total de 196 alimentos analisados de 120 escolas, 4 apresentavam contagem de Escherichia coli acima do permitido e dois tinham a presença de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva. Os gêneros Shigella e Salmonella não foram encontrados. Foi observado que a maioria das escolas estudadas servia alimentos dentro de padrões higiênico-sanitários adequados. Foi evidenciado que somente escolas municipais contavam com a orientação de responsável técnico pela alimentação escolar. Das escolas estaduais 60% nunca haviam recebido visita de nutricionista nas quais foram encontrados procedimentos em desacordo com as exigências da legislação. Na maioria das escolas, os alimentos servidos estavam dentro de padrões adequados, porém os problemas detectados demonstram a necessidade da implantação das Boas Práticas no ambiente escolar.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of hygienic and sanitary indicator microorganisms in samples of food served in public schools in Porto Alegre. All the food served in the meal of the session visited was analyzed for Escherichia coli, coagulase-positive Staphylococcus, Salmonella sp. and Shigella sp. Of the total of 196 food products analyzed in 120 schools, 4 contained and Escherichia coli score above the permitted level, and 2 contained coagulase-positive Staphylococcus. Neither Shigella nor Salmonella genus were detected. In the majority of schools studied, it was found that food was of an adequate hygienic-sanitary standard. However, only municipal schools had the supervision of a technician responsible for school food. In the state schools, 60% had never been visited by a nutritionist and in these schools several procedures failed to comply with legal requirements. In most of the schools studied, the food served to students was within adequate standards, though the problems detected revealed the need for the implementation of Best Practices in the school environment.

Antagonistic activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus LA10 against Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis SE86 in mice

Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is one of the main pathogens responsible for foodborne illness in Brazil. Probiotic bacteria can play a role in defense and recovery from enteropathogenic -infections. In this study, the ability of Lactobacillus acidophilus LA10 to colonise and exert anta-gonistic effects in the gastrointestinal tract was tested before and during experimental infection in conventional mice contaminated with S. Enteritidis (SE86). A dose of 0.1 mL containing 10(8) viable cells of SE86 and L. acidophilus LA10 was orally administered by gavage to mice. The experiment was divided into groups. As a negative control, Group 1 was administered only sterile saline solution. As a positive control, Group 2 was administered only SE86. Group 3 was first administered SE86, and after 10 days, treated with L. acidophilus LA10. Group 4 was first administered L. acidophilus LA10,and after 10 days, challenged with SE86.The results demonstrated that a significant number of SE86 cells were able to colonize the gastrointestinal tract of mice, specifically in the colon and ileum. L. acidophilus LA10 demonstrated an antagonistic effect against SE86, with better results observed for Group 3 over Group 4. Thus, L. acidophilus LA10 shows potential antagonistic effects against S. Enteritidis SE86, especially if administered after infection.

Antimicrobial resistance and PCR-ribotyping of Shigella responsible for foodborne outbreaks occurred in southern Brazil

Little information about Shigella responsible for foodborne shigellosis is available in Brazil. The present study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance and PCR-ribotyping patterns of Shigella isolates responsible for foodborne outbreaks occurred in Rio Grande do Sul State (RS), Southern Brazil in the period between 2003 and 2007. Shigella strains (n=152) were isolated from foods and fecal samples of victims of shigellosis outbreaks investigated by the Surveillance Service. Identification of the strains at specie level indicated that 71.1 percent of them were S. flexneri, 21.5 percent S. sonnei, and 0.7 percent S. dysenteriae. Ten strains (6.7 percent) were identified only as Shigella spp. An increasing occurrence of S. sonnei was observed after 2004. Most of the strains were resistant to streptomycin (88.6 percent), followed by ampicillin (84.6 percent), and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (80.5 percent). Resistant strains belonged to 73 patterns, and pattern A (resistance to ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, tetracycline, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and intermediate resistance to kanamycin) grouped the largest number of isolates (n=36). PCR-ribotyping identified three banding patterns (SH1, SH2, and SH3). SH1 grouped all S. flexneri and SH2 grouped all S. sonnei. The S. dysenteriae strain belonged to group SH3. According to the results, several Shigella isolates shared the same PCR-rybotyping banding pattern and the same resistance profile, suggesting that closely related strains were responsible for the outbreaks. However, other molecular typing methods need to be applied to confirm the clonal relationship of these isolates.

Adhesion and biocides inactivation of Salmonella on stainless steel and polyethylene

The adhesion of Salmonella (S.) strains to stainless steel and polyethylene and their inactivation by biocides used in food industry was investigated. Coupons of stainless steel and polyethylene were immersed in bacterial suspensions of S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, and S. Bredeney during 15, 30, and 60 minutes, and submitted to different concentrations of peracetic acid (PAA), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and quaternary ammonium (Quat) sanitizers. Hydrophobicity of the surfaces was evaluated by contact angle measurements using the sessile drop method and bacterial adhesion was accompanied through bacterial counts and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results indicated that the three serovars of Salmonella presented similar adhesion to both materials (5.0 to 6.5 log cfu cm-2). The time of exposure did not influence the counts of adhered cells on both surfaces, however SEM revealed larger clusters of S. Enteritidis on both materials, not found for the other serovars. S. Enteritidis presented lower sessile drop angle on polyethylene, indicating hydrophilic properties of this material. The biocides were not able to inactivate all the microorganisms adhered on both surfaces. At least 1 log cfu cm-2 of all serovars tested remained viable after the exposure to different biocide concentrations. In general, higher counts of survivors were observed on polyethylene disinfected with different concentrations of biocides. S. Bredeney e S. Typhimurium were more resistant than S. Enteritidis to PAA, whilst S. Enteritidis presented smaller reduction rates to NaOCl. This last biocide was able to reduce Salmonella counts in approximately 3.0 to 4.0 log cm-2. When adhered to polyethylene, the serovars S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis were more resistant to Quat than S. Bredeney in all concentrations tested, and the numbers of S. Enteritidis remained almost unaltered. On stainless steel disinfected by Quat, S. Bredeney presented higher numbers of survivors.

Avaliação da resistência de Salmonella à ação de desinfetantes ácido peracético, quaternário de amônio e hipoclorito de sódio / The resistance of Salmonella strains to the biocides peracetic acid, quaternary ammonium and sodium hypochlorite

Este estudo avaliou a resistência de três cepas de Salmonella frente aos desinfetantes ácido peracético, quaternário de amônio e hipoclorito de sódio. S. Enteritidis (SE86), responsável por mais de 90% dos surtos alimentares ocorridos no Rio Grande do Sul (RS), foi comparada com S. Typhimurium e S. Bredeney, ambas não envolvidas na ocorrência de salmonelose. A resistência aos desinfetantes foi avaliada por meio de teste de suspensão, conforme preconizado pelo Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Todos os desinfetantes avaliados, nas concentrações indicadas pelos fabricantes, foram capazes de inativar as três cepas de Salmonella, entretanto, SE86 apresentou maior resistência ao hipoclorito de sódio a 400 ppm, além de ser a única cepa bacteriana capaz de sobreviver por até 15 minutos de exposição a 200 ppm desse desinfetante. Uma vez que o hipoclorito de sódio, nestas condições, é empregado com frequência como agente de desinfecção em indústrias de alimentos e serviços de alimentação, as características acima mencionadas podem contribuir para que esse microrganismo seja responsável pelos surtos de salmoneloses ocorridos no RS. Em função da importância desses micro-organismos como agentes patogênicos alimentares, cuidados especiais devem ser tomados nos processos de desinfecção e contaminação cruzada por Salmonella.

The resistance of Salmonella strains to the biocides peracetic acid, quaternary ammonium and sodiumhypochlorite was assessed. S. Enteritidis (SE86), which is responsible for more than 90% of food-borneoutbreaks occurred in Rio Grande do Sul (RS) was compared to S. Typhimurium and S. Bredeney, bothnot related to salmonellosis. The bacterial resistance to biocides was evaluated using the suspension test asrecommended by The Brazilian Agriculture Ministry. The three biocides were able to inactivate all of themicroorganisms tested, when the concentrations indicated by the manufacturers were used. However, SE86was resistant to 400 ppm sodium hypochlorite, and survived for up to 15 minutes of exposure to 200 ppmof this biocide, which was not demonstrated by the other bacteria strains. Since the sodium hypochlorite,at such concentration and time of exposure, is frequently used at food industries and food services, andowing to the above cited resistance characteristic, this condition could be contributing for the SE86 withfood-borne salmonellosis outbreak occurred in RS. In view of the importance of these microorganismsas alimentary pathogens, special cares in the food disinfection processes and cross-contamination withSalmonella must be taken.

Doenças transmitidas por alimentos, principais agentes etiológicos e aspectos gerais: uma revisão / Foodborne diseases, main etiologic agents and general aspects: a review

Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos (DTA) compõem um grave problema de saúde pública em nível mundial. A análise crítica e a divulgação dos principais aspectos relacionados das DTA pode ser um importante fator para a prevenção dessas doenças. O presente estudo realizou uma breve revisão sobre as DTA, objetivando contribuir para um melhor entendimento de alguns dos seus principais agentes etiológicos, identificando os alimentos comumente envolvidos nos surtos, os fatores causais mais significativos, assim como as características e impactos sociais relacionados a essas doenças.

Foodborne Diseases (FBD) comprises a serious public health problem worldwide. Critical analysis of the main aspects of FBD may be an important factor for preventing these diseases. This study is a brief review of the FBD in order to provide a better understanding of the main etiologic agents, identifying the foods commonly associated with outbreaks, the most significant causal factors, as well as the characteristics and social impacts related to these diseases.

Qualidade microbiológica e temperatura de dietas enterais antes e após implantação do sistema de análise de perigos e pontos críticos de controle / Microbiological quality and temperatures of enteral feedings before and after implementation of hazard analysis and critical control point

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a qualidade microbiológica e a temperatura de dietas enterais antes e após a implementação do sistema Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle na Central de Produção de Alimentação Enteral do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. MÉTODOS: Durante o período de setembro de 2001 a janeiro de 2002, foram coletadas 320 amostras de 4 tipos de dietas enterais produzidas na Central de Produção de Alimentação Enteral (dietas padrão I, II, III e dieta especial), as quais foram submetidas a análises microbiológicas e de temperatura. As amostras foram coletadas semanalmente em dois pontos do processo: logo após o preparo e após 16 horas de armazenamento refrigerado. Para comparação dos dados pré e pós análise dos perigos em pontos criticos e de controle, utilizou-se o teste "t" de Wilcoxon para amostras pareadas (teste não-paramétrico equivalente ao teste "t" de Student para amostras pareadas) com nível de significância de 0,05. RESULTADOS: Antes da análise de perigos e pontos críticos de controle, 92 por cento das temperaturas de armazenamento estavam acima dos valores de refererência vigentes. Após a implantação da análise de perigos e pontos críticos de controle, houve reduções significantes (p<0,05) nas contagens de microrganismos mesófilos totais das dietas II, III e Especial, logo após preparo. Reduções significantes também foram encontradas nas dietas II e III armazenadas sob refrigeração. Não foram encontrados coliformes fecais, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium sulfito redutores, Salmonella sp., Yersinia enterocolitica ou Listeria monocytogenes em nenhum dos momentos avaliados. A análise crítica do fluxograma de produção identificou as etapas de aquisição de matéria-prima e de armazenamento sob refrigeração como Pontos Críticos de Controle das dietas produzidas. CONCLUSÃO: Com a implantação deste sistema na central de produção de alimentação enteral foram realizadas mudanças que contribuíram...

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated microbiological quality and temperature of enteral formulas before and after the implementation of the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points system at the Central of Enteral Feedings of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. METHODS: During the period of September 2001 and January 2002, 320 samples of four kinds of enteral feeding identified as diets I, II, III, and Special diet were collected and submitted to temperature and microbiological analysis. Samples were collected weekly in two steps of the flow chart of production: immediately after preparation and after 16 hours of storage at refrigeration. For statistical analysis, the Wilcoxon's test was used. RESULTS: Before Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points system, 92 percent of the storage temperatures were considered inadequate according to the Brazilian legislation. After Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points system implementation, significant reductions (p<0.05) were observed in the counts of mesophilic microorganisms of diets II, III, and Special diet, immediately after preparation. Significant reductions were also observed in the diets II and III stored at refrigeration. Fecal coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium sp., Salmonella sp., Yersinia enterocolitica or Listeria monocytogenes were not found in any of the analyzed samples. Hazard analysis identified the acquisition of raw materials and refrigerated storage as the Critical Control Points of the produced diets. CONCLUSION: After the implementation of the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points system at the Center of Enteral Feedings, the quality of the final product increased significantly, reducing the risk of food contamination.

Evaluation of an indirect ELISA for the detection of Salmonella in chicken meat

In this work, an indirect ELISA based on a monoclonal antibody (MAb) specific for an outer membrane protein of Salmonellaenterica serovar Enteritidis was used for detection of Salmonella in 154 samples of chicken meat. Its efficiency was determined through comparison with the results obtained from the conventional method. The prevalence of samples contaminated with Salmonella was 23 percent with the conventional culture method, and 26 percent with the ELISA. From thirty-five samples positive for Salmonella by the conventional method, 33 were also positive by ELISA. Seven other samples were only positive in the ELISA. Comparison of the results obtained in the two methods showed an ELISA sensitivity and specificity of 94 percent, and positive and negative predictive values of 82 percent and 98 percent respectively. The serotyping of the isolates revealed 31 Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, 2 Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg, 1 Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis and 1 Salmonella enterica sorovar 6,7:-:-.

Neste trabalho, um ELISA indireto baseado em um anticorpo monoclonal (MAb) especifico para proteína de membrane externa de Salmonellaenterica serovar Enteritidis foi usado para detecção de Salmonella em 154 amostras de carne de frango. Sua eficiência foi determinada através de comparação com os resultados obtidos pela metodologia convencional. A prevalência de amostras contaminadas com Salmonella foi de 23 por cento pelo método de cultivo convencional, e 26 por cento pelo ELISA. De 35 amostras positivas para Salmonella pela metodologia convencional, 32 também foram positivas no ELISA. Outras sete amostras foram positivas somente no ELISA. Comparando os resultados obtidos nos dois métodos, o ELISA demonstrou sensibilidade e especificidade de 94 por cento, e valor preditivo positivo e negativo de 82 por cento e 98 por cento respectivamente. A sorotipagem dos isolados revelou 31 Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, 2 Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg, 1 Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis e 1 Salmonella enterica sorovar 6,7:-:-.

Salmonellosis in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 1997 to 1999

Salmonella spp. was the major cause of reported foodborne diseases in the last years in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, south of Brazil. Epidemiological data on salmonellosis, occurred in the period of 1997 to 1999 and supplied by the Division of Sanitary Surveillance (DVS/RS), were analyzed according to the following factors: total number of confirmed outbreaks, number of people involved, outbreaks incidence according to the period of the year, age and sex of involved people, food vehicle, food storage conditions, local where the disease occurred, and possible causes of the outbreaks. The results indicated that 8217 people were involved, and 1557 had to be hospitalized. The highest number of outbreaks occurred during springtime and the principal age group affected was between 16 and 50 years. The most common food vehicle was salad prepared with homemade mayonnaise (42.45 percent). The principal causes of salmonellosis were raw-materials not submitted to regulatory inspection (22.92 percent), mainly eggs, and foods maintained at room temperature for more than 2 hours (20.55 percent). The majority of the outbreaks occurred in private homes (43.70 percent) and commercial food establishments (25.21 percent).

Determinação de perigos e pontos críticos de controle para implantação de sistema de análise de perigos e pontos críticos de controle em lactário / Determination of hazards and critical control points to implantation of hazard analysis and critical control point system in lactary

Lactários são unidades hospitalares destinadas ao preparo, higienização e distribuição de mamadeiras e seus substitutos destinados a recém-nascidos e demais pacientes da pediatria. o cuidado durante o preparo deste tipo de alimentação deve ser bastante rigoroso, pois a população-alvo, além de apresentar maior suscetibilidade a enfermidades transmitidas por alimentos, pode estar imunologicamente debilitada. O objetivo desse trabalho foi investigar a qualidade microbiológica e os procedimentos de preparação das mamadeiras formuladas no lactário do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre e, a partir destas análises, elaborar fluxogramas e identificar perigos e pontos críticos de controle para implantação do sistema de Análise de Perigos e pontos Críticos de Controle neste setor. Em um período de 6 meses, foram analisadas 75 formulações e 18 matérias-primas quanto à quantidade de mesófilos totais, coliformes totais, coliformes fecais, staphyloccus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus sp., Clostridium sulfito redutores, bolores e leveduras e presença de Salmonella sp. As temperaturas, assim como o tempo de cada etapa das preparações também foram avaliadas. As análises microbiológicas demonstraram que 77,3 por cento das amostras estavam com qualidade microbiológica insatisfatória segundo os padrões estipulados pela Seção de Dietética Experimental do Hospital das Clínicas de São Paulo. No entanto, nenhuma delas apresentou contaminação por microorganismos patogênicos. as medições de tempo e temperatura demosntraram necessidades de melhorias nas etapas de resfriamento, conservação fria e reaquecimento, enquanto a análise do fluxograma sugeriu como pontos críticos de controle, além dessas etapas citadas, a recepção e estocagem da matéria-prima, a fervura e a cocção. com base nestes dados, foram implementadas melhorias em boas práticas de fabricação e a implantação completa do sistema de Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle